The development of edible vaccines relies on genetic engineering techniques. Specific genes encoding desired antigens are introduced into plants, allowing them to produce proteins that stimulate immune responses. For example, researchers demonstrated this concept by expressing a Streptococcus mutans surface antigen in tobacco plants. This bacterium, a major cause of dental caries, could be targeted through a mucosal immune response to inhibit plaque formation on teeth. Edible vaccines activate both mucosal and systemic immunity, making them effective against pathogens entering through mucosal surfaces. This method combines biotechnology and immunology to provide a unique solution to prevent infectious diseases.
